Boston Strangler killings Essay Example for Free

Boston Strangler killings Essay Between 1962 and 1964, thirteen women were sexually assaulted and murdered in the city of Boston. This series of murders was called the Boston Strangler murders. Though most of the victims were older women, a few were in their early twenties, and one young woman was in her late teens. All of the victims were strangled, usually with a personal item the woman owned, such as tights or stockings. The Boston Strangler would gain access to his victims by posing as an official needing to perform a service in the women’s homes. In 1964, Albert de Salvo confessed to having committed the crimes (Chitolie, 1997). Because the Boston Strangler killings involved a repetitive pattern, which always involved specific behaviors, social learning theory is most useful in explaining this case. According to social learning theory, an individual learns by observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others (Kearsley, 2007). People learn societal norms and appropriate, healthy behaviors by modeling others. After one becomes aware of a behavior by observing it, he will usually apply the behavior in future situations, reflecting upon past outcomes that occurred when the behavior was originally observed. The Boston Strangler observed the reactions of his earlier victims and based his approach to future murders on the outcomes of his prior crimes. For example, he knew that by dressing as a serviceman, de Salvo’s victims would respond by trusting de Salvo and allowing him to enter their houses. Consequently, de Salvo used this tactic repeatedly. A more general example of how learned behaviors may influence future practices is evident in the treatment of animals. Many children go through a stage in which they innocently harm insects or small animals (i. e. by trapping them and keeping them in jars, etc. ). In most cases, a parent or other adult intervenes, and the child learns to respect animals. As a result, the child does not have a desire to cause the animal pain. There are some cases, however, in which the child never learns empathy for animals and the pattern of torture intensifies. Based on prior experiences (i. e. causing pain in animals as a form of enjoyment, and not having an adult stop the behavior), a child may continue the undesirable practice. Sometimes, the child’s violent tendencies toward living things may escalate so much that it is later transferred to human beings when the child becomes an adult. As a child, Albert de Salvo trapped cats and dogs and shot them with arrows. It may be argued that de Salvo never learned appropriate behavior in dealing with living things, and as a result, de Salvo’s practice of trapping animals, rendering them helpless, and killing them progressed to trapping and torturing the women he murdered during his adulthood. The childhood practice of continued animal cruelty can be observed among a number of other infamous serial killers as well (Finch, 1992). In the context of social learning theory, the Boston Strangler’s killings perhaps occurred because the individual who committed these crimes lacked proper role models to teach him the rules and norms of society. It appears that this individual was never effectively discouraged from harming living organisms, and it is even possible that he may have witnessed violent acts (perhaps the violent acts of men against women) during his early years of development. Nevertheless, when examining the killings, from the general events that took place to the minor details, there appears to be an obvious pattern of repetitive learned violent behavior. Bibliography Chitolie, Raymond. Serial Killers—Case Files [The Boston Strangler]. 1997. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from http://hosted. ray. easynet. co. uk/serial_killers/boston. html Finch, Patty A. Abuse. 1992. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from http://www. vospca. org/archive/abuse. html Kearsley, Gregg. Theories. 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from http://tip. psychology. org/bandura. html

Suffering in Harriet Wilsons Our Nig Essay -- essays research papers

Harriet Wilson’s Our Nig is a novel that presents the harshness of racial prejudice during the 19th century combined with the traumas of abandonment. The story of Frado, a once free-spirited mulatto girl abandoned by her white mother, unfolds as she develops into a woman. She is faced with all the abuse and torment that Mrs. Belmont, the antagonist, could subject her to. Still she survives to obtain her freedom. Through the events and the accounts of Frado’s life the reader is left with a painful reality of the lives of indentured servants. Though the novel is not told from Frado’s perspective, her story becomes more sympathizing and sentimental from a third person narrative. Wilson uses her supporting characters to express Frado’s emotions and to show her development. Through her style, the reader becomes more aware of the Belmont family and society’s prejudices through how they react to Frado’s suffering. For instance Aunt Abby, one of the more sympathizing characters, says â€Å"we found a seat under a shady tree, and there I took the opportunity to combat the notions she seemed to entertain respecting the loneliness of her condition and want of sympathizing friends† (54). While Aunt Abby makes an effort to console Frado, there is no real sympathy in her words. They are mechanical and rehearsed. Aunt Abby does not genuinely care for Frado but she does pity her situation. Unlike Aunt Abby, James offers a more sincere regard for Frado. He buys her a puppy and often protects her from his mother’s brutal thrashings. He even intends to bring her home with him to live. He does not possess the indifference of his father or the cowardice of his sister, Jane. Being one of the few characters who emits a genuine aura of concern James i... ...mont’s but is sadly disappointed by her unfortunate state in the end of the novel. Slave narratives are not meant to be uplifting but this story brings depressive reading to a whole new level. Frado’s story is one of unrelenting abuse and pain. Through Wilson’s style the reader understands every point of view and especially the views of prejudice and racism. The title â€Å"Our Nig† relates one of the most insulting realities of Frado’s existence. She was property in a sense. Her labor and her efforts were equated to those of a horse that could be broken when necessary. Frado’s encounters and relationships further distinguish this novel from other slave narratives. This story shows what society and what the human spirit is capable of. People can cause the immense suffering of others but People can also rise up from the depths of despair and overcome great obstacles.

Narcotic Drugs

In this paper I will discuss the details the classification of narcotic drugs in criminal law, forensic evidence needed to obtain a conviction in a drug case. The term narcotic implies a state of lethargy or sluggishness. Pharmacologists classify narcotic drugs as substance that bring relief from pain and produce sleep. Unfortunately narcotic has come to be popularly associated with any drugs that is socially unacceptable, as a consequence of this incorrect usage many drug are improperly call narcotics. Most drug laws in the United States incorrectly designated marijuana as a narcotic; even now many drug controlled laws in the United States including federal law, classify cocaine as a narcotic drug (Saferstein 2011, p193). A large number of drug users are in daily contact with a range of criminal justice organizations. The police enforce laws relating to illegal drugs and unlawful activities that surround drug use. It is important to recognize that relationship between drug and crime are unclear. Drug use leads to crime; second crimes leads to drug use and third drugs and crime are related to social force (Hughes, p, 75, 2006). When a forensic chemist picks up a drug specimen for analysis, he or she can expect to find just about anything, so all contingencies must be prepared for. The analysis must leave no room for error because its results will have a direct bearing on the process of determine the guilt or innocence of a defendant. There is no middle ground in drug identification either the specimen is a specific drug or its not and once a positive conclusion is drawn, the chemist must prepared to support and define the validity of the results in the court of law (Saferstein 2011, p204). When someone is accused of a crime involving drugs, more than likely the drugs were taken from their person or property will go from hand to hand as they are processed, analyzed, stored, and sent to the courtroom as evidence. Every time a change of hands occurs, it must be documented to ensure that the evidence was not tampered with or handled negligently. The process that evidence goes through from the time it is seized to the time it reaches the courtroom is called the â€Å"chain of custody. Implementing chain of custody is necessary it’s the start of the foundation of the evidence in question, by showing the absence of alteration, substitution, or change of condition. Specifically, foundation testimony for tangible evidence requires that exhibits be identified as being in substantially the same condition as they were at the time the evidence was seized, and that the exhibit has remained in that condition through an unbroken chain of custody. For example, suppose that in a prosecution for possession of illegal narcotics, police sergeant A recovers drugs from the defendant; A gives police officer B the drugs; B then gives the drugs to police scientist C, who conducts an analysis of the drugs; C gives the drugs to police detective D, who brings the drugs to court. The testimony of A, B, C, and D constitute a â€Å"chain of custody† for the drugs, and the prosecution would need to offer testimony by each person in the chain to establish both the condition and identification of the evidence, unless the defendant stipulated as to the chain of custody in order to save time. Conclusion: Narcotic drugs will forever be around. It’s a complex problem throughout society. It affects people from the newborn stage to old age. Narcotic drugs, takes an enormous toll on lives and communities, especially in developing countries and its contribution to the overall burden and will to increase in the future.

Handle Information in Health and Social Care Settings Essay

Competent practice is a combination of the application and skills and knowledge informed by values and ethics. These questions detail the knowledge and understanding required in carrying out competent practice in the performance described in the unit Learner Name: Laeticia Belle Assessor: Date: 1. Identify the legislation that relates to the recording, storage and sharing of information in health and social care? The data protection act 1998 is the main piece of legislation that governs the protection of personal data in the UK. It defines the law on processing data on people living within the United Kingdom. The data protection act is set you in eight principles: Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully. Personal data must only be obtained for a specific and lawful purpose it shall not be processed in any manner incompatible with the purpose it was acquired for. All personal data must be adequate, relevant and not accesive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed. All personal data must not be kept for any longer than its necessary. It can only be kept for the time needed for the purpose of that information. All personal is processed in accordance with the subject rights. They have the right to have the data about themselves removed if they so wish. All personal data must be secured at all time. Appropriate technical and  organisational measures must be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental lost, destruction or damage. Any personal data must not be transferred to any countries or territories outside the European economic area (EEA) without adequate protection. The freedom of information act 200: this gives individuals the right to ask organisations such as local authority, GP’s, local police all the information they have about them. They are some information that might be withheld to protect various interests which if that’s the case, the individual must be aware of it and information about individuals will be handled under the data protection act 1998. The full provision of the freedom of information act 200 came into past in January 2005 2. Explain why it is important to have secure systems for recording and storing information in a health and social care setting? It is vital to have a secure system for recording and storing information in health and social care settings so that both individuals and staffs private information will be protected from unauthorised viewing. It is the right of the individual and staff for their private information to  EverGreen Academy QCF Diploma Health & Social Care level 2 Unit: CU2547 Contribute to Health and Safety in Health and Social Care Knowledge Questions Competent practice is a combination of the application and skills and knowledge informed by values and ethics. These questions detail the knowledge and understanding required in carrying out competent practice in the performance described in the unit Learner Name: Nyandeng Malek Assessor: Elizabeth Ani Date: 1. Identify legislation relating to general health and safety in a health or social care work setting? 2. Describe the main points of the health and safety policies and procedures agreed with the employer? 3. Outline the main health and safety responsibilities 4. Identify tasks relating to health and safety that should not be carried out without special training? 5. Explain how to access additional support and information relating to health and safety? 6. Explain why it is important to assess health and safety hazards posed by the work setting or by particular activities? 7. Explain how and when to report potential health and safety risks that have been identified? 8. Explain how risk assessment can help address dilemmas between rights and health and safety concerns? 9. Describe different types of accidents and sudden illness that may occur in own work setting? 10. Outline the procedures to be followed if an accident or sudden illness should occur? 11. Identify legislation that relates to moving and handling? 12. Explain principles for moving and handling equipment and other objects safely? 13. Identify hazardous substances and materials that may be found in the work setting? 14. Describe safe practices for: storing hazardous substances?  using hazardous substances?  disposing of hazardous substances and materials? 15. Describe practices that prevent fires from: Starting? Spreading? 16. Outline emergency procedures to be followed in the event of a fire in the work setting? 17. Explain the importance of maintaining clear evacuation routes at all times? 18. Explain the importance of ensuring that others are aware of own whereabouts? 19. Identify common signs and indicators of stress? 20. Identify circumstances that tend to trigger own stress? 21. Describe ways to manage own stress? Learner signature: Date: Assessor signature: Date: IV signature(if sampled): Date: be protected therefore the protection of such information should be complied with the data protection act. Too protect confidentiality and ensures that information is accessible to those that needs to know, prevents identity thefts and maintain the rights of each individuals. 3. Describe how to access guidance, information and advice about handling information? There are many different ways a care assistant can access guidance, information and advice about handling information. These include induction, training, company’s policies and procedures, colleagues, individuals; codes of practice such as general social care council (GSCC). 4. Explain what actions to take when there are concerns over the recording, storing or sharing of information? When concerns are raised over the recording, storing and sharing of information it is the health care assistances duty to ensure that the issue is made aware to the senior member of staff such as the supervisor, line manager and all to colleagues. It is also the health care assistances duty to ensure that such information is recorded accurately. The service users permission or consent must be obtained in case the information has to do with their privacy. If the information poses a threat or any sort of risk to the service user for example; in the case of abuse then the information must be passed to the appropriate superiors regardless of the service users giving their consent or not but confidentiality must be ensured.

Free Essays on Problems At Pfizer

There are quite a few factors that are related to the success of Pfizer. First of all, the pain market is continuing to go through a period of sustained growth which is buoyed by a number of new product launches. This could be because of the fact that the pain market has increased by $17 billion in 2001 and is expected to grow to $25 billion by 2010. The growth has been led by their sales of COX-II inhibitors and opioids. Since the market is expected to grow, this will present opportunities in many different drug classes. Pfizer will continue to dominate the pain market over the forecasted period, as the introduction of their second-generation drugs will strengthen their already dominant position. Pfizer recognizes leadership as a core company value. In fact, Pfizer said a strong leadership platform, combined with the dedication and support of all its employees, were the key factors in determining the company’s strong placing in the rankings. Despite the facts that there are many factors that created success to Pfizer, there are also some challenges along the road. In order to maintain their dominant market position Pfizer will have to seek out niche areas of the patient population. This will ensure that Pfizer will need to develop ever more sophisticated growth strategies that reach niche sectors of the patient population. Patent expirations and challenges also could affect sales starting next year. Pfizer's success in producing new drugs has been spotty, and prescription growth on some of its top-selling drugs is slowing at a time when competition is expected to increase.... Free Essays on Problems At Pfizer Free Essays on Problems At Pfizer There are quite a few factors that are related to the success of Pfizer. First of all, the pain market is continuing to go through a period of sustained growth which is buoyed by a number of new product launches. This could be because of the fact that the pain market has increased by $17 billion in 2001 and is expected to grow to $25 billion by 2010. The growth has been led by their sales of COX-II inhibitors and opioids. Since the market is expected to grow, this will present opportunities in many different drug classes. Pfizer will continue to dominate the pain market over the forecasted period, as the introduction of their second-generation drugs will strengthen their already dominant position. Pfizer recognizes leadership as a core company value. In fact, Pfizer said a strong leadership platform, combined with the dedication and support of all its employees, were the key factors in determining the company’s strong placing in the rankings. Despite the facts that there are many factors that created success to Pfizer, there are also some challenges along the road. In order to maintain their dominant market position Pfizer will have to seek out niche areas of the patient population. This will ensure that Pfizer will need to develop ever more sophisticated growth strategies that reach niche sectors of the patient population. Patent expirations and challenges also could affect sales starting next year. Pfizer's success in producing new drugs has been spotty, and prescription growth on some of its top-selling drugs is slowing at a time when competition is expected to increase....

What Is ACT Standby How Do You Get It

What Is ACT Standby How Do You Get It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Need to take the ACT on the next test date but missed the late registration deadline? Luckily, even if it's already past the late registration deadline for an ACT test date, you might still be able to take the test by signing up for standby testing. But what exactly is standby testing? How do you sign up for it?Read on to learn how to request standby testing for the ACT and why you might do it. Requesting ACT Standby Testing You can request standby testing for the ACT no later than eight days before a test date.Standby testing must be requested through your online ACT account during the standby request period- that is, the time between the late registration deadline and eight days before the test. Here's a list of test dates for the upcoming school year along with their standby request deadlines: Test Date Standby Deadline September 8, 2018 August 31, 2018 October 27, 2018 October 19, 2018 December 8, 2018 November 30, 2018 February 9, 2019 February 1, 2019 April 13, 2019 April 5, 2019 June 8, 2019 May 31, 2019 July 13, 2019 July 5, 2019 Source: ACT.org Be sure to upload a photo of yourself and complete all online information so your standby request will be valid.You'll have to pay the normal registration fee ($46 for the ACT without Writing, $62.50 for the ACT with Writing) plus astandby testing fee of $53(which will be refunded to you if you're denied admission on test day). Standby Testing on ACT Test Day Unfortunately, you’re not guaranteed a seat or test booklet at the test center if you sign up for standby testing. Rather, you’ll be admitted on a first-come, first-served basis. If there aren’t enough materials or staff on hand, you could be turned away; however,you'll get both your registration fee and waitlist fee refunded if this happens! Remember to bring your Standby Ticket that indicates the name of the correct test center as well as an acceptable photo ID (i.e., one issued by an official government agency or your school). Only standard time and standard testing materials are offered for standby requests, so if you need special test accommodations, you should avoid standby testing. 3 Reasons to Request ACT Standby Testing Is it really worth it to sign up for ACT standby testing if you missed the late registration deadline? Here are a few scenarios in which you might consider it as an option: #1: It's Your Last Chance to Take the ACT Before You Send Scores to Colleges Many colleges don’t accept scores from any ACTs taken later than December.Therefore, if it’s your senior year and you missed the late registration deadline for the December ACT test date, you might consider standby testing. Sign up for this last ACT test date if you think you have a good shot at improving your scores by taking the test one last time. #2: It’s Crucial for Your Plan to Take the ACT at This Time If you've been planning for this test date and know it’s going to be the best time for you to take the ACT in the grand scheme of your college application plan, you might consider standby testing. If this was supposed to be your first ACT in the fall of your junior year, your second ACT in the spring of your junior year, or your last ACT in the fall of your senior year(all benchmark tests), you'd be smart to consider standby testing to keep yourself on track. You should also take some time to think about why you missed the late registration deadline if this was such an important test for you. If you were too caught up in studying to remember to sign up for the ACT, you might need to tone down your intensity a bit! If your face is stuck to a book, you need to reevaluate your life choices. On the bright side, you'll have a great new profile picture that also provides biting social commentary. #3: You Want to Use Test Information Release (TIR) to Study ACT, Inc.'sTest Information Release (TIR)gives you a way to review your ACT scores in more depth by providing access to your test booklet along with details about the questions you answered correctly, answered incorrectly, and omitted. Though this service is only available for the December, April, and June test dates,it can be a really great study tool.If you know that you won’t get another opportunity to order TIR for a while if you miss this test date, definitely consider standby testing. 2 Reasons to Just Wait for the Next ACT Test Date Sometimes, it’s not a smart idea to sign up for standby testing for the ACT. It costs a fair amount of extra money, after all, and you might not really need to take the test on this specific date.Here are two reasons you might want to hold off and wait for the next ACT test date: #1: You Can Take the ACT on the Next Date Without Having It Impact Your Plans Much For example, if it’s your junior year and you missed both of September's registration deadlines, it might not be a big deal for you to take the ACT in October instead.You would still be able to take it in the fall of your junior year and give yourself time between your first and subsequent test dates in the winter and spring to focus on studying. #2: The Standby Fee Will Be a Financial Burden The sad truth is that you can’t get a fee waiver for the ACT standby fee.If you think it will be a significant strain on you to pay the extra $53, don’t opt for standby testing unless this test date is your absolute last chance to take the ACT and reach your target score. The Bottom Line: How ACT Standby Testing Works You can order ACT standbytesting up to eight days before a test date.It’s a $53 fee,but this will be refunded to you if you're denied admission to the test center. ACT standbytesting uses a first-come, first-served basis, so you're not guaranteed a seat on test day. Consider ordering standby testing if you're relying on this ACT test date to keep you on track with your studying plans or if it’s your last chance to take the ACT before applying to college. On the other hand, don’t order standby testing if you can easily take the ACT on the next test date without any major consequences or if you can't afford the extra standby testing fee. Ultimately, it's best toavoid putting yourself in this situation by being aware of all upcoming ACT test dates and by registering far in advance! What's Next? Wondering which ACT test date is right for you? Here'sa guide to choosing the best test date. If you're not sure whether you should register for the ACT with or without Writing, take a look at this list of schools that require the ACT with Writing. Waiting to see your latest ACT scores? Check out this guide on how to get and interpret your ACT score report.If you have any concerns or are confused about your scores, consider ordering Test Information Release (TIR),or, in more extreme cases, Hand Scoring. If you're still debating whether to take the ACT again, use this guide to make your decision. In addition, here'sa list of schools that superscore the ACT, meaning they take your best score from each section of the test and compile them to create your best composite score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Offender correctional classification systems Research Paper

Offender correctional classification systems - Research Paper Example In America, the constitution governs corrections as it provides the system for administration of the justice. The decision on which classification an offender would be subjected to would be accomplished through use of instruments such as the National Institution of Corrections which undertakes this process on admission of an inmate then six months to one year henceforth. As inmates join the prison system, they would be assessed at the reception or classification facility depending on their crime, escape risk, criminal history, behavioral risk and health needs, generally classified as needs and risks by Voorhis, Braswell, and Lester (140). According to Serin (5), the placement into a specific classification would be prioritized first with security needs, then space availability and finally the needs of the inmate. Women and children would be classified under facilities separate from those of adult males. Prisoners do not have any control over their classification though after serving for some time, they could request to be taken to facilities close to their families. From the historic times, prisons were designated places to punish and simultaneously rehabilitate offenders, away from the community then later integrate them back to the community. With the expansion in the number of prisons in the US, the need to classify them has arisen. In the correctional system, classification refers to the placement of prisoners in a suitable custody from the various available ones so as to match the needs of the offender with the correctional resources. This classification system aims at differentiating prisoners based on their security risks thus predicting where to place them; be it minimum, medium or maximum custody (Voorhis, Braswell and Lester 140). The initial idea was to combine maximum and medium security level prisons. Later, supermax prisons were developed with Alarid and Reichel (132) arguing on Alcatraz Prison being the